11/2/2022 0 Comments Pathological fear of rapeDulled sensory, affective and memory functions.īehaviors present in the acute stage can include: Some may appear calm and unaffected by the assault. Not all rape survivors show their emotions outwardly. They may also have poor recall of the assault"). They may have difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or doing everyday tasks. Rape Abuse and Incest National Network (RAINN) asserts that, in most cases, a rape victim's acute stage can be classified as one of three responses: expressed ("He or she may appear agitated or hysterical, may suffer from crying spells or anxiety attacks") controlled ("the survivor appears to be without emotion and acts as if 'nothing happened' and 'everything is fine'") or shock/disbelief ("the survivor reacts with a strong sense of disorientation. The immediate symptoms may last a few days to a few weeks and may overlap with the outward adjustment stage.Īccording to Scarse, there is no "typical" response amongst rape victims. Durations vary as to the amount of time the victim may remain in the acute stage. The acute stage occurs in the days or weeks after a rape. RTS identifies three stages of psychological trauma a rape survivor goes through: the acute stage, the outer adjustment stage, and the renormalization stage. It has also been found that rape survivors are at high risk for developing substance use disorders, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other disorders. These feelings may subside over time for some people however, individually each syndrome can have long devastating effects on rape victims and some victims will continue to experience some form of psychological distress for months or years. As might be expected, a person who has been raped will generally experience high levels of distress immediately afterward. The symptoms of RTS and post-traumatic stress syndrome overlap. RTS paved the way for consideration of complex post-traumatic stress disorder, which can more accurately describe the consequences of protracted trauma than post-traumatic stress disorder alone. While most research into RTS has focused on female victims, sexually abused males (whether by male or female perpetrators) also exhibit RTS symptoms. RTS is a cluster of psychological and physical signs, symptoms and reactions common to most rape victims immediately following a rape, but which can also occur for months or years afterwards. The theory was first described by nurse Ann Wolbert Burgess and sociologist Lynda Lytle Holmstrom in 1974. Rape trauma syndrome ( RTS) is the psychological trauma experienced by a rape survivor that includes disruptions to normal physical, emotional, cognitive, and interpersonal behavior. In conclusion, the arguments about gender and risk perception are brought together in a theoretical model which might serve as a starting point for further research.Psychological trauma experienced by a rape victim Rape These gender differences may be of different kinds, and their investigation requires the use of qualitative as well as quantitative methods. It is argued that gender structures, reflected in gendered ideology and gendered practice, give rise to systematic gender differences in the perception of risk. An analysis of social theories of gender points out some relations and distinctions which should be considered in such a perspective. This paper argues that a coherent, theoretically informed gender perspective on risk is needed to improve the understanding of women's and men's risk perceptions. Secondly, the gender differences that appear are often left unexplained, and even when explanations are suggested, these are seldom related to gender research and gender theory in any systematic way. Firstly, quantitative approaches, which have so far dominated risk research, and qualitative approaches give different, sometimes even contradictory images of women's and men's perceptions of risk. A review of a number of existing empirical studies of risk perception points at several problems, regarding what gender differences are found in such studies, and how these differences are accounted for. This paper discusses how they differ and why. Abstract: A substantial body of risk research indicates that women and men differ in their perceptions of risk.
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